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These characteristics of heroin use result from the drug's rapid onset
of action and its short duration of action in the brain. An individual
who uses heroin multiple times per day subjects his or her brain and
body to marked, rapid fluctuations as the opiate effects come and go.
These fluctuations can disrupt a number of important bodily functions.
Because heroin is illegal, addicted persons often become part of a
volatile drug-using street culture characterized by hustling and crimes
for profit.

2005-11-07T21:36:00.000-08:00

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Whether a patient stays in treatment depends on factors associated
with both the individual and the program.
Since some individual problems (such as serious mental illness, severe
cocaine or crack use, and criminal involvement) increase the
likelihood of a patient dropping out, intensive treatment with a range
of components may be required to retain patients who have these
problems. The provider then should ensure a transition to continuing
care or "aftercare" following the patient's completion of formal
treatment.

2005-11-05T15:36:00.000-08:00

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Problems associated with an individual's drug addiction can vary
significantly. People who are addicted to drugs come from all walks
of life. Many suffer from mental health, occupational, health, or social
problems that make their addictive disorders much more difficult to
treat. Even if there are few associated problems, the severity of
addiction itself ranges widely among people.

2005-11-05T09:39:00.000-08:00

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1. What is drug addiction treatment?
There are many addictive drugs, and treatments for specific drugs can
differ. Treatment also varies depending on the characteristics of the
patient.

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Rapid-Detox.org - Find a Reputable Rapid Detox Center
Find a rapid detox for heroin, vicodin, percocet, oxycontin and other
opiate drug addictions. All of the nations best rapid detox and opiate
rapid detox treatment centers are listed.

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DrugAccess.Net - Drug & Alcohol Information - Information for
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DrugAccess.Net - Drug & Alcohol Information - Information for
Parents - Students - Professionals

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Heroin-Drug-Rehab.Com
Heroin Addiction News, Information, Resources and Treatment.
Meth-Drug-Rehab.Com
Meth Addiction News, Information, Resources and Treatment.

2005-10-29T03:37:00.000-07:00

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TCs are residential programs with planned lengths of stay of 6 to 12
months. TCs focus on the "resocialization" of the individual and use
the program's entire "community," including other residents, staff, and
the social context, as active components of treatment. Addiction is
viewed in the context of an individual's social and psychological
deficits, and treatment focuses on developing personal accountability
and responsibility and socially productive lives.

2005-10-27T21:36:00.000-07:00

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Outpatient Drug-Free Treatment in the types and intensity of services
offered. Such treatment costs less than residential or inpatient
treatment and often is more suitable for individuals who are employed
or who have extensive social supports. Low-intensity programs may
offer little more than drug education and admonition. Other outpatient
models, such as intensive day treatment, can be comparable to
residential programs in services and effectiveness, depending on the
individual patient's characteristics and needs. In many outpatient
programs, group counseling is emphasized. Some outpatient programs
are designed to treat patients who have medical or mental health
problems in addition to their drug disorder.

2005-10-27T15:36:00.000-07:00

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Resnick, R.B. and Washton, A.M. Clinical outcome with naltrexone:
predictor variables and followup status in detoxified heroin addicts.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 311: 241-246, 1978.

2005-10-27T09:37:00.000-07:00

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Greenstein, R.A.; Arndt, I.C.; McLellan, A.T.; and O'Brien, C.P.
Naltrexone: a clinical perspective. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 45 (9
Part 2): 25-28, 1984.
Resnick, R.B.; Schuyten-Resnick, E.; and Washton, A.M. Narcotic
antagonists in the treatment of opioid dependence: review and
commentary. Comprehensive Psychiatry 20(2): 116-125, 1979.

2005-10-27T03:36:00.000-07:00

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Further Reading:
Cornish, J.W.; Metzger, D.; Woody, G.E.; Wilson, D.; McLellan,
A.T.; Vandergrift, B.; and O'Brien, C.P. Naltrexone
pharmacotherapy for opioid dependent federal probationers. Journal
of Substance Abuse Treatment 14(6): 529-534, 1997.

2005-10-26T21:36:00.000-07:00

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Patients stabilized on naltrexone can hold jobs, avoid crime and
violence, and reduce their exposure to HIV.
Many experienced clinicians have found naltrexone most useful for
highly motivated, recently detoxified patients who desire total
abstinence because of external circumstances, including impaired
professionals, parolees, probationers, and prisoners in work-release
status. Patients stabilized on naltrexone can function normally. They
can hold jobs, avoid the crime and violence of the street culture, and
reduce their exposure to HIV by stopping injection drug use and
drug-related high-risk sexual behavior.

2005-10-26T15:36:00.000-07:00

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Simpson, D.D.; Joe, G.W.; and Bracy, S.A. Six-year follow-up of
opioid addicts after admission to treatment. Archives of General
Psychiatry Nov; 39(11): 1318-1323, 1982.
Simpson, D.D. Treatment for drug abuse; Follow-up outcomes and
length of time spent. Archives of General Psychiatry 38(8): 875-880,
1981.
Narcotic Antagonist Treatment Using Naltrexone for opiate addicts
usually is conducted in outpatient settings although initiation of the
medication often begins after medical detoxification in a residential
setting. Naltrexone is a long-acting synthetic opiate antagonist with
few side effects that is taken orally either daily or three times a week
for a sustained period of time. Individuals must be medically
detoxified and opiate-free for several days before naltrexone can be
taken to prevent precipitating an opiate abstinence syndrome. When
used this way, all the effects of self-administered opiates, including
euphoria, are completely blocked. The theory behind this treatment is
that the repeated lack of the desired opiate effects, as well as the
perceived futility of using the opiate, will gradually over time result in
breaking the habit of opiate addiction. Naltrexone itself has no
subjective effects or potential for abuse and is not addicting. Patient
noncompliance is a common problem. Therefore, a favorable
treatment outcome requires that there also be a positive therapeutic
relationship, effective counseling or therapy, and careful monitoring of
medication compliance.

2005-10-26T09:36:00.000-07:00

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McLellan, A.T.; Arndt, I.O.; Metzger, D.S.; Woody, G.E.; and
O'Brien, C.P. The effects of psychosocial services in substance abuse
treatment. JAMA Apr 21; 269(15): 1953-1959, 1993.
Novick, D.M.; Joseph, J.; Croxson, T.S., et al. Absence of antibody
to human immunodeficiency virus in long-term, socially rehabilitated
methadone maintenance patients. Archives of Internal Medicine Jan;
150(1): 97-99, 1990.

2005-10-25T15:36:00.000-07:00

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Patients stabilized on opiate agonists can engage more readily in
counseling and other behavioral interventions essential to recovery
and rehabilitation. The best, most effective opiate agonist maintenance
programs include individual and/or group counseling, as well as
provision of, or referral to, other needed medical, psychological, and
social services.

2005-10-24T03:36:00.000-07:00

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Drug Addiction Treatment Is Disease Prevention.
Drug injectors who do not enter treatment are up to six times more
likely to become infected with HIV than injectors who enter and
remain in treatment. Drug users who enter and continue in treatment
reduce activities that can spread disease, such as sharing injection
equipment and engaging in unprotected sexual activity. Participation in
treatment also presents opportunities for screening, counseling, and
referral for additional services. The best drug abuse treatment
programs provide HIV counseling and offer HIV testing to their
patients.

2005-10-23T21:37:00.000-07:00

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8. How does drug addiction treatment help reduce the spread of
HIV/AIDS and other infectious diseases?
Many drug addicts, such as heroin or cocaine addicts and particularly
injection drug users, are at increased risk for HIV/AIDS as well as
other infectious diseases like hepatitis, tuberculosis, and sexually
transmitted infections. For these individuals and the community at
large, drug addiction treatment is disease prevention.

2005-10-23T15:36:00.000-07:00

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The most effective models integrate criminal justice and drug
treatment systems and services. Treatment and criminal justice
personnel work together on plans and implementation of screening,
placement, testing, monitoring, and supervision, as well as on the
systematic use of sanctions and rewards for drug abusers in the
criminal justice system. Treatment for incarcerated drug abusers must
include continuing care, monitoring, and supervision after release and
during parole.

2005-10-22T21:36:00.000-07:00

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7. What Role Can The Criminal Justice System Play In The
Treatment Of Drug Addiction?
Increasingly, research is demonstrating that treatment for drug-
addicted offenders during and after incarceration can have a
significant beneficial effect upon future drug use, criminal behavior,
and social functioning. The case for integrating drug addiction
treatment approaches with the criminal justice system is compelling.
Combining prison- and community-based treatment for drug-addicted
offenders reduces the risk of both recidivism to drug-related criminal
behavior and relapse to drug use. For example, a recent study found
that prisoners who participated in a therapeutic treatment program in
the Delaware State Prison and continued to receive treatment in a
work-release program after prison were 70 percent less likely than
nonparticipants to return to drug use and incur rearrest (See
Treatment Section).

2005-10-22T15:37:00.000-07:00

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Once drug use is under control, education and job rehabilitation
become crucial. Rewarding lifestyle options must be found for people
in drug recovery to prevent their return to the old environment and
way of life.

2005-10-21T21:36:00.000-07:00

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Recovery from the disease of drug addiction is often a long-term
process, involving multiple relapses before a patient achieves
prolonged abstinence. Many behavioral therapies have been shown
to help patients achieve initial abstinence and maintain prolonged
abstinence. One frequently used therapy is cognitive behavioral
relapse prevention in which patients are taught new ways of acting
and thinking that will help them stay off drugs.

2005-10-21T15:36:00.000-07:00

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There are currently no medications approved by the Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) for treating addiction to cocaine, LSD, PCP,
marijuana, methamphetamine and other stimulants, inhalants, or
anabolic steroids. There are medications, however, for treating the
adverse health effects of these drugs, such as seizures or psychotic
reactions, and for overdoses from opiates. Currently, NIDA's top
research priority is the development of a medication useful in treating
cocaine addiction.

2005-10-21T09:36:00.000-07:00

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Another drug recently approved for use in maintenance treatment is
LAAM, which is administered three times a week rather than daily, as
is the case with methadone. The drug naltrexone is also used to
prevent relapse. Like methadone, LAAM and naltrexone prevent
addicts from getting high from heroin. However, naltrexone does not
eliminate the drug craving, so it has not been popular among addicts.
Naltrexone works best with highly motivated patients.

2005-10-21T03:36:00.000-07:00

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Within various methadone programs, those that provide higher doses
of methadone (usually a minimum of 60 mg.) have better retention
rates. Also, those that provide other services, such as counseling,
therapy, and medical care, along with methadone generally get better
results than the programs that provide minimal services.

2005-10-20T21:36:00.000-07:00

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Patients who cannot continue abstaining from opiates are given
maintenance therapy, usually with methadone. The maintenance dose
of methadone, usually higher than that used for medically assisted
withdrawal, prevents both withdrawal symptoms and heroin craving.
It also prevents addicts from getting a high from heroin and, as a
result, they stop using it. Research has shown that maintenance
therapy reduces the spread of AIDS in the treated population. The
overall death rate is also significantly reduced.

2005-10-20T15:36:00.000-07:00

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Once a patient goes through withdrawal, there is still considerable risk
of relapse. Patients may return to taking drugs even though they no
longer have physical withdrawal symptoms. A great deal of research
is being done to find medications that can block drug craving and treat
other factors that cause a return to drugs.

2005-10-20T09:36:00.000-07:00

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The primary medically assisted withdrawal method for narcotic
addiction is to switch the patient to a comparable drug that produces
milder withdrawal symptoms, and then gradually taper off the
substitute medication. The medication used most often is methadone,
taken by mouth once a day. Patients are started on the lowest dose
that prevents the more severe signs of withdrawal and then the dose is
gradually reduced. Substitutes can be used also for withdrawal from
sedatives. Patients can be switched to long-acting sedatives, such as
diazepam or phenobarbital, which are then gradually reduced.

2005-10-20T03:36:00.000-07:00

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Treatment for people who abuse drugs but are not yet addicted to
them most often consists of behavioral therapies, such as
psychotherapy, counseling, support groups, or family therapy. But
treatment for drug-addicted people often involves a combination of
behavioral therapies and medications. Medications, such as
methadone or LAAM (levo-alpha-acetyl-methadol), are effective in
suppressing the withdrawal symptoms and drug craving associated
with narcotic addiction, thus reducing illicit drug use and improving the
chances of the individual remaining in treatment.

2005-10-19T21:36:00.000-07:00

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"Although it is difficult to be certain of the exact prevalence of
cannabis addiction in the United States, I can tell you anecdotally that
we had no difficulty recruiting dozens of people between the ages of
30 and 55 who have smoked marijuana at least 5,000 times," says
Dr. Harrison Pope, Jr., principal investigator of the study. "A simple
ad in the paper generated hundreds of phone calls from such people."
This study on changes in aggressive behavior during withdrawal from
long-term marijuana use appears in the April issue of
Psychopharmacology.

2005-10-19T15:36:00.000-07:00

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Marijuana is the most widely used illicit drug in the United States.
More than 11 million people have smoked marijuana within the past
month, according to the 1997 National Household Survey on Drug
Abuse. Long-term marijuana use can lead to addiction in some
people. These marijuana-addicted individuals use the drug
compulsively, and this use often interferes with family, school, work,
and recreational activities. Individuals with cannabis dependence may
also persist in using the drug despite knowing that it causes them
physical problems, such as a chronic cough related to smoking, or
psychological problems, such as excessive sedation due to high
doses.

2005-10-18T21:36:00.000-07:00

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Facing each volunteer in the experimental chamber was a computer
monitor and a response panel. On the panel were two buttons,
labeled A and B. Pressing A 100 times allowed the volunteer to gain
1 point, which was worth 50 cents. Pressing B 10 times subtracted 1
point from the other participant, who, in actuality, was not a person
but a computer. Three 1-second beeps signaled that the "opponent"
was subtracting 1 point from the volunteer. The researchers labeled
the pressing of B as an aggressive response, and the point
subtractions from the volunteer as provocations.

2005-10-18T15:36:00.000-07:00

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The Harvard study, using a computer test of aggressive behavior,
compared 17 long-term heavy users of marijuana with 20 people who
were infrequent or former smokers. All of the volunteers were
abstaining from the use of marijuana and all other drugs of abuse
during the study. To avoid any suggestive influences, the investigators
did not reveal to the volunteers that their aggressive behavior was
being studied. Instead, the volunteers were told that they were
participating in a test designed to measure movements and a variety of
physiological characteristics, such as pulse rate and body
temperature. They were also told that another volunteer of the same
sex was sitting in another experimental chamber and would be
participating in the test with them.

2005-10-18T09:36:00.000-07:00

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Human and animal studies conducted since the early 1970s have
suggested the existence of a marijuana withdrawal syndrome,
characterized by insomnia, restlessness, loss of appetite, and
irritability. "This syndrome - although less dramatic than the
withdrawal syndrome associated with alcohol, opiate, or cocaine
withdrawal - may contribute to relapse among those dependent on
marijuana," says NIDA Director Dr. Alan I. Leshner. "People
addicted to marijuana may continue to use the drug at least partly to
prevent the onset of withdrawal symptoms. Identifying the exact
nature of this syndrome is crucial to developing treatment strategies
for those attempting to stop their marijuana use."

2005-10-18T03:36:00.000-07:00

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People who have smoked marijuana daily for many years display
more aggressive behavior when they stop smoking the drug,
according to a new study by researchers at Harvard Medical School.
The study, funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA),
National Institutes of Health, is further evidence that a withdrawal
syndrome is associated with abstinence from long-term marijuana use,
and suggests that aggressive behavior is part of this syndrome.

2005-10-17T21:36:00.000-07:00

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Vulnerability to addiction initiative- The Committee commends NIDA
for launching its `Vulnerability to Drug Addiction Initiative' and
encourages NIDA to support research to identify genes associated
with drug abuse and addiction. Increasing our understanding of why
some people are vulnerable to drug abuse and addiction while others
are not, will speed progress in treating and preventing these critical
problems.

2005-10-17T15:36:00.000-07:00

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Transdisciplinary tobacco research centers- The use of tobacco
products remains one of the nation's deadliest addictions. The
Committee strongly supports NIDA's continuing efforts to address
this major public health problem through its comprehensive research
portfolio. The Committee is pleased that NIDA has teamed with the
National Cancer Institute and an outside foundation to establish the
Transdisciplinary Tobacco Use Research Center (TTURC). This
multifaceted approach should lead to an increased understanding of
how nicotine acts in the brain and body and lead to new strategies for
treating nicotine addiction and preventing tobacco use, particularly by
teens and younger children.

2005-10-17T09:37:00.000-07:00

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Nicotine research- The Committee recognizes that the consequences
of nicotine addiction are substantial to adults, children, and
adolescents, and commends NIDA's support of research yielding
effective replacement therapies and behavioral interventions. The
Committee encourages NIDA to continue to support research on the
prevention and behavioral and pharmacological treatment of nicotine
addiction. The Committee supports NIDA's ongoing research in the
basic sciences, behavioral and medical treatments, genetic
vulnerability, and epidemiology of nicotine use and abuse.

2005-10-17T03:36:00.000-07:00

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New genes and drug abuse- The Committee supports research efforts
to identify many of the genes that may play a role in addiction. Seizing
upon these opportunities could lead to a more complete picture of the
disease of addiction.

2005-10-16T21:36:00.000-07:00

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Neuroscience- The Committee recognizes that basic neuroscience
provides a foundation for NIDA's research portfolio. Basic
neuroscience research has advanced the field's understanding of drug
abuse and addiction. The Committee urges NIDA to continue its
efforts to develop new areas of neuroscience research.

2005-10-16T15:36:00.000-07:00

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National drug abuse clinical trials network- The Committee
commends NIDA's leadership in continuing to recognize the
importance of behavioral and social science research and is especially
pleased that this is reflected in the recent NIDA reorganization, which
elevates behavioral research in both the Division of Neuroscience and
Behavioral Research and the Division of Treatment Research and
Development. The Committee believes NIDA could consider
evaluating these promising behavioral treatments in clinical trials
through its new National Drug Abuse Clinical Trials Network.

2005-10-16T09:37:00.000-07:00

Methamphetamine- The Committee is very disturbed by the explosion
in methamphetamine abuse across the nation. The problem is
essentially acute in Iowa and other Midwestern states. The
Committee again urges NIDA to expand its research on improved
methods of prevention and treatment of methamphetamine abuse.

2005-10-16T03:39:00.000-07:00

Medications development- The Committee encourages NIDA to
study the development of anti-addiction medications, to clarify the
neurological and behavioral benefits of the use of pharmacological
agents, and develop an understanding of how best to use these
medications.

2005-10-15T21:36:00.000-07:00

Genetic vulnerability- The Committee understands that both genes
and environment influence drug abuse and addiction. The relationship
between the two is complex, requiring continued research in areas of
behavioral genetics, psychiatric and epidemiological genetics,
molecular genetics, and population genetics. The Committee
encourages NIDA to continue to pursue this area of drug and
addiction research.

2005-10-15T15:36:00.000-07:00

Emerging drug problems- The Committee is pleased that NIDA has
launched a new Club Drug Research and Dissemination Initiative.
Given the emergence of club drugs, such as ecstasy,
methamphetamine, GHB, and ketamine, the Committee is encouraged
by NIDA's proactive efforts to curtail these emerging drug problems
and urges NIDA to continue its efforts to develop an even broader
array of effective new prevention and treatment approaches to focus
on these emerging drug challenges.

2005-10-15T09:37:00.000-07:00

Clinical trials- The Committee is pleased with NIDA's continuing
progress in developing behavioral and pharmacological drug abuse
treatments, and supports NIDA's initiative to establish a national drug
abuse treatment clinical trials network. The Committee commends
NIDA's leadership in forging strong partnerships with treatment
researchers and community-based treatment providers to assure that
new treatments are tested and incorporated into ongoing drug
treatment programs.

2005-10-15T03:37:00.000-07:00

Children and adolescents- Recognizing the devastating impact of drug
addiction on children and youth, the Committee commends NIDA's
children and adolescent research initiative. The Committee urges
NIDA to continue to support its research portfolio in areas of co-
occurring mental disorders, developmental consequences, prenatal
exposure, genetic vulnerability, and environmental risk factors.

2005-10-14T21:36:00.000-07:00

Behavioral sciences- The Committee understands that behavioral
intervention is a critical, and sometimes only, component of drug
addiction The Committee continues to support NIDA's expansion of
its behavioral science portfolio and views NIDA as a model of how to
approach its behavioral science and public health responsibilities.

2005-10-14T15:36:00.000-07:00

In addition, NIDA research identifies the most effective
pharmacological and behavioral drug abuse treatments. NIDA
conducts research on the nature and extent of drug abuse in the
United States and monitors drug abuse trends nationwide to provide
information for planning both prevention and treatment services. An
important component of NIDA's mission is also to study the
outcomes, effectiveness, and cost benefits of drug abuse services
delivered in a variety of settings.

2005-10-14T09:36:00.000-07:00

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Mission- Created in 1974, NIDA supports about 85 percent of the
world's biomedical research in the area of drug abuse and addiction.
The Committee commends NIDA for demonstrating through research
that drug use is a preventable behavior and addiction is a treatable
disease. NIDA's basic research plays a fundamental role in furthering
knowledge about the ways in which drugs act on the brain to produce
dependence, and contributes to understanding how the brain works.

2005-10-14T03:36:00.000-07:00

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The Committee recommends an appropriation of $790,038,000 for
the National Institute on Drug Abuse [NIDA]. This is $64,571,000
more than the budget request and $102,662,000 more than the fiscal
year 2000 appropriation. The comparable numbers for the budget
estimate include funds to be transferred from the Office of AIDS
Research.

2005-10-13T21:36:00.000-07:00

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Drug abuse has a great economic impact on society-an estimated $67
billion per year. This figure includes costs related to crime, medical
care, drug abuse treatment, social welfare programs, and time lost
from work. Treatment of drug abuse can reduce those costs. Studies
have shown that from $4 to $7 are saved for every dollar spent on
treatment. It costs approximately $3,600 per month to leave a drug
abuser untreated in the community, and incarceration costs
approximately $3,300 per month. In contrast, methadone
maintenance therapy costs about $290 per month.

2005-10-13T15:36:00.000-07:00

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Drug treatment programs in prisons can succeed in preventing
patients' return to criminal behavior, particularly if they are linked to
community-based programs that continue treatment when the client
leaves prison. Some of the more successful programs have reduced
the rearrest rate by one-fourth to one-half. For example, the
"Delaware Model," an ongoing study of comprehensive treatment of
drug- addicted prison inmates, shows that prison-based treatment
including a therapeutic community setting, a work release therapeutic
community, and community-based aftercare reduces the probability of
rearrest by 57 percent and reduces the likelihood of returning to drug
use by 37 percent.

2005-10-13T09:36:00.000-07:00

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Methadone maintenance programs are usually more successful at
retaining clients with opiate dependence than are therapeutic
communities, which in turn are more successful than outpatient
programs that provide psychotherapy and counseling. Within various
methadone programs, those that provide higher doses of methadone
(usually a minimum of 60 mg.) have better retention rates. Also, those
that provide other services, such as counseling, therapy, and medical
care, along with methadone generally get better results than the
programs that provide minimal services.

2005-10-13T03:36:00.000-07:00

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Short-term residential programs, often referred to as chemical
dependency units, are often based on the "Minnesota Model" of
treatment for alcoholism. These programs involve a 3- to 6-week
inpatient treatment phase followed by extended outpatient therapy or
participation in 12-step self-help groups, such as Narcotics
Anonymous or Cocaine Anonymous. Chemical dependency
programs for drug abuse arose in the private sector in the mid-1980s
with insured alcohol/cocaine abusers as their primary patients. Today,
as private provider benefits decline, more programs are extending
their services to publicly funded patients.

2005-10-12T21:37:00.000-07:00

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Therapeutic communities (TCs) are highly structured programs in
which patients stay at a residence, typically for 6 to 12 months.
Patients in TCs include those with relatively long histories of drug
dependence, involvement in serious criminal activities, and seriously
impaired social functioning. The focus of the TC is on the
resocialization of the patient to a drug-free, crime-free lifestyle.

2005-10-12T15:36:00.000-07:00

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Outpatient drug-free treatment does not include medications and
encompasses a wide variety of programs for patients who visit a clinic
at regular intervals. Most of the programs involve individual or group
counseling. Patients entering these programs are abusers of drugs
other than opiates or are opiate abusers for whom maintenance
therapy is not recommended, such as those who have stable, well-
integrated lives and only brief histories of drug dependence.

2005-10-12T09:36:00.000-07:00

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In maintenance treatment for heroin addicts, people in treatment are
given an oral dose of a synthetic opiate, usually methadone
hydrochloride or levo-alpha-acetyl methadol (LAAM), administered
at a dosage sufficient to block the effects of heroin and yield a stable,
noneuphoric state free from physiological craving for opiates. In this
stable state, the patient is able to disengage from drug-seeking and
related criminal behavior and, with appropriate counseling and social
services, become a productive member of his or her community.

2005-10-12T03:36:00.000-07:00

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There are several types of drug abuse treatment programs. Short-
term methods last less than 6 months and include residential therapy,
medication therapy, and drug-free outpatient therapy. Longer term
treatment may include, for example, methadone maintenance
outpatient treatment for opiate addicts and residential therapeutic
community treatment.

2005-10-11T21:36:00.000-07:00

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Types of Treatment Programs
The ultimate goal of all drug abuse treatment is to enable the patient to
achieve lasting abstinence, but the immediate goals are to reduce drug
use, improve the patient's ability to function, and minimize the medical
and social complications of drug abuse.

2005-10-11T15:37:00.000-07:00

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In general, the more treatment given, the better the results. Many
patients require other services as well, such as medical and mental
health services and HIV prevention services. Patients who stay in
treatment longer than 3 months usually have better outcomes than
those who stay less time. Patients who go through medically assisted
withdrawal to minimize discomfort but do not receive any further
treatment, perform about the same in terms of their drug use as those
who were never treated. Over the last 25 years, studies have shown
that treatment works to reduce drug intake and crimes committed by
drug-dependent people. Researchers also have found that drug
abusers who have been through treatment are more likely to have
jobs.

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Behavioral therapies can include counseling, psychotherapy, support
groups, or family therapy. Treatment medications offer help in
suppressing the withdrawal syndrome and drug craving and in
blocking the effects of drugs. In addition, studies show that treatment
for heroin addiction using methadone at an adequate dosage level
combined with behavioral therapy reduces death rates and many
health problems associated with heroin abuse.

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Drug addiction is a treatable disorder. Through treatment that is
tailored to individual needs, patients can learn to control their
condition and live normal, productive lives. Like people with diabetes
or heart disease, people in treatment for drug addiction learn
behavioral changes and often take medications as part of their
treatment regimen.

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(See Treatment Section for more detail on types of treatment and
treatment components.) The best programs provide a combination of
therapies and other services to meet the needs of the individual
patient, which are shaped by such issues as age, race, culture, sexual
orientation, gender, pregnancy, parenting, housing, and employment,
as well as physical and sexual abuse.

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When a person's drug-related behavior places him or her at higher
risk for AIDS or other infectious diseases, behavioral therapies can
help to reduce the risk of disease transmission. Case management and
referral to other medical, psychological, and social services are crucial
components of treatment for many patients.

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Maintenance treatment with methadone or LAAM markedly reduces
the desire for heroin. If an individual maintained on adequate, regular
doses of methadone (once a day) or LAAM (several times per week)
tries to take heroin, the euphoric effects of heroin will be significantly
blocked. According to research, patients undergoing maintenance
treatment do not suffer the medical abnormalities and behavioral
destabilization that rapid fluctuations in drug levels cause in heroin
addicts.

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Methadone and LAAM have far more gradual onsets of action than
heroin, and as a result, patients stabilized on these medications do not
experience any rush. In addition, both medications wear off much
more slowly than heroin, so there is no sudden crash, and the brain
and body are not exposed to the marked fluctuations seen with heroin
use.

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As used in maintenance treatment, methadone and LAAM are not
heroin substitutes.
Injected, snorted, or smoked heroin causes an almost immediate
"rush" or brief period of euphoria that wears off very quickly,
terminating in a "crash." The individual then experiences an intense
craving to use more heroin to stop the crash and reinstate the
euphoria. The cycle of euphoria, crash, and craving - repeated several
times a day - leads to a cycle of addiction and behavioral disruption.

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6. Is the use of medications like methadone simply replacing one drug
addiction with another?
No. As used in maintenance treatment, methadone and LAAM are
not heroin substitutes. They are safe and effective medications for
opiate addiction that are administered by mouth in regular, fixed
doses. Their pharmacological effects are markedly different from
those of heroin.

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The counselor should ensure that a treatment plan is established and
followed so that the individual knows what to expect during treatment.
Medical, psychiatric, and social services should be available.

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5. What helps people stay in treatment?
Since successful outcomes often depend upon retaining the person
long enough to gain the full benefits of treatment, strategies for
keeping an individual in the program are critical. Whether a patient
stays in treatment depends on factors associated with both the
individual and the program. Individual factors related to engagement
and retention include motivation to change drug-using behavior,
degree of support from family and friends, and whether there is
pressure to stay in treatment from the criminal justice system, child
protection services, employers, or the family. Within the program,
successful counselors are able to establish a positive, therapeutic
relationship with the patient.

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Good outcomes are contingent on adequate lengths of treatment.
Many people who enter treatment drop out before receiving all the
benefits that treatment can provide. Successful outcomes may require
more than one treatment experience. Many addicted individuals have
multiple episodes of treatment, often with a cumulative impact.

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4. How long does drug addiction treatment usually last?
Individuals progress through drug addiction treatment at various
speeds, so there is no predetermined length of treatment. However,
research has shown unequivocally that good outcomes are contingent
on adequate lengths of treatment. Generally, for residential or
outpatient treatment, participation for less than 90 days is of limited or
no effectiveness, and treatments lasting significantly longer often are
indicated. For methadone maintenance, 12 months of treatment is the
minimum, and some opiate-addicted individuals will continue to
benefit from methadone maintenance treatment over a period of
years.

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Although these effectiveness rates hold in general, individual treatment
outcomes depend on the extent and nature of the patient's presenting
problems, the appropriateness of the treatment components and
related services used to address those problems, and the degree of
active engagement of the patient in the treatment process.

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Treatment of addiction is as successful as treatment of other chronic
diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and asthma.
According to several studies, drug treatment reduces drug use by 40
to 60 percent and significantly decreases criminal activity during and
after treatment. For example, a study of therapeutic community
treatment for drug offenders (See Treatment Section) demonstrated
that arrests for violent and nonviolent criminal acts were reduced by
40 percent or more. Methadone treatment has been shown to
decrease criminal behavior by as much as 50 percent. Research
shows that drug addiction treatment reduces the risk of HIV infection
and that interventions to prevent HIV are much less costly than
treating HIV-related illnesses. Treatment can improve the prospects
for employment, with gains of up to 40 percent after treatment.

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3. How effective is drug addiction treatment?
In addition to stopping drug use, the goal of treatment is to return the
individual to productive functioning in the family, workplace, and
community. Measures of effectiveness typically include levels of
criminal behavior, family functioning, employability, and medical
condition. Overall, treatment of addiction is as successful as treatment
of other chronic diseases, such as diabetes, hypertension, and asthma.

2005-10-07T03:36:00.000-07:00

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A variety of scientifically based approaches to drug addiction
treatment exists. Drug addiction treatment can include behavioral
therapy (such as counseling, cognitive therapy, or psychotherapy),
medications, or their combination. Behavioral therapies offer people
strategies for coping with their drug cravings, teach them ways to
avoid drugs and prevent relapse, and help them deal with relapse if it
occurs.

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1. What is drug addiction treatment?
There are many addictive drugs, and treatments for specific drugs can
differ. Treatment also varies depending on the characteristics of the
patient.

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Internet Services
LinkPartners.com
Free directory of websites who swap links with other websites.
Economy Printing Service - Printer, Printers in Monterey, Salinas,
Santa Cruz since 1978
Established in 1978, Economy Printing Service is dedicated to
providing the best printing and copying at affordable rates to our
customers in the Monterey, Salinas, and Santa Cruz areas. Our
professional and experienced team provides our customers with
complete printing and copying services.

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Health and Medical Resources
Canterbury Medical Research Foundation : New Zealand Research
Grants - New Zealand Charitible Donations - New Zealand Research
Grants - New Zealand Charitible Donations
The Canterbury Medical Research Foundation aims to raise the
quality of health care by supporting and encouraging health research in
Canterbury, New Zealand. New Zealand research grants and
charitible donations.

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Psychologist Therapist Counselor Depression Drug Rehab Eating
Disorders Treatment Center
Find the right psychologist, therapist, counselor, psychiatrist, drug
rehab or eating disorder treatment center ideally suited to your
specific needs.

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DrugAccess.Net - Drug & Alcohol Information - Information for
Parents - Students - Professionals
DrugAccess.Net - Drug & Alcohol Information - Information for
Parents - Students - Professionals

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National Association of Addiction Treatment Providers
National Association of Addiction Treatment Providers
Wilderness Quest Outdoor Youth Treatment Program
An outdoor youth treatment program helping adolescents and young
adults achieve change through intensive wilderness living and
facilitated self-discovery.

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Family Intervention for Drug or Alcohol Abuse
Providing family intervention services for, drug abuse, alcohol
addiction, gambling, and eating disorders.
Intervention Center - Family Intervention for Addiction
Intervention Center - Family Intervention for Addiction. Intervention
resources for alcoholism, drug addiction, gambling, computer
addiction, other self-destructive behavior. Vaughn J. Howland.

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Cocaine-Drug-Rehab.Com
Cocaine Addiction News, Information, Resources and Treatment.
Alcohol-Drug-Rehab.Com
Alcoholism News, Information, Resources and Treatment.

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Heroin-Drug-Rehab.Com
Heroin Addiction News, Information, Resources and Treatment.
Meth-Drug-Rehab.Com
Meth Addiction News, Information, Resources and Treatment.

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The Hart Center: Interventionist, Patrick Hart
If you seek help for mental health issues associated with a loved one's
addiction or abuse of alcohol and drugs, the Hart Center extends to
you a life-line of family intervention services. Based on his extensive
experience conducting intervention, Patrick Hart will explore with you
options and actions that promote life-preserving change and recovery
for the abuser�renewal for your family�and freedom from the lethal
currents of addiction.